关于对比学习的最新研究仅通过在医学图像分割的背景下利用很少的标签来实现出色的性能。现有方法主要关注实例歧视和不变映射。但是，他们面临三个常见的陷阱：（1）尾巴：医疗图像数据通常遵循隐式的长尾分配。盲目利用训练中的所有像素会导致数据失衡问题，并导致性能恶化； （2）一致性：尚不清楚分割模型是否由于不同解剖学特征之间的类内变化而学会了有意义但一致的解剖学特征； （3）多样性：整个数据集中的切片内相关性已得到明显降低的关注。这促使我们寻求一种有原则的方法来战略利用数据集本身，以发现不同解剖学观点的类似但不同的样本。在本文中，我们介绍了一种新型的半监督医学图像分割框架，称其为您自己的解剖结构（MONA），并做出了三个贡献。首先，先前的工作认为，每个像素对模型培训都同样重要。我们从经验上观察到，仅此单单就不太可能定义有意义的解剖特征，这主要是由于缺乏监督信号。我们通过使用更强大的数据增强和最近的邻居展示了学习不变的两个简单解决方案。其次，我们构建了一组目标，鼓励模型能够以无监督的方式将医学图像分解为解剖特征的集合。最后，我们在具有不同标记设置的三个基准数据集上的广泛结果验证了我们提出的MONA的有效性，该数据在不同的标签设置下实现了新的最新设置。

从图像中学习心脏运动中的时空对应关系对于理解心脏解剖结构的潜在动力学很重要。许多方法明确施加了平滑度约束，例如位移矢量字段（DVF）上的$ \ Mathcal {l} _2 $ NORM，而通常忽略转换中的生物力学可行性。其他几何约束要么正规化特定的感兴趣区域，例如在心肌上施加不可压缩性，要么引入其他步骤，例如在物理模拟的数据集上训练单独的基于网络的正规器。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个明确的生物力学知识，因为在所有心脏结构中对更通用的生物力学上可行的转化进行建模，而无需引入额外的训练复杂性，因此对预测的DVF进行了正则化。在2D MRI数据的背景下，我们验证了两个公开可用数据集的方法，并执行广泛的实验，以说明与其他竞争性正规化方案相比，我们提出的方法的有效性和鲁棒性。我们提出的方法可以通过视觉评估更好地保留生物力学特性，并使用定量评估指标显示分割性能的优势。该代码可在\ url {https://github.com/voldemort108x/bioinformed_reg}上公开获得。

最近已经为医疗图像分割任务创建了许多医疗数据集，并且自然质疑我们是否可以使用它们来依次训练（1）在所有这些数据集中表现更好的单个模型，并且（2）良好的概括和传输更好到未知的目标站点域。先前的工作通过在多站点数据集上共同训练一个模型来实现这一目标，该模型平均实现了竞争性能，但是这种方法依赖于所有培训数据的可用性的假设，从而限制了其在实际部署中的有效性。在本文中，我们提出了一个称为增量转移学习（ITL）的新型多站点分割框架，该框架以端到端的顺序方式从多站点数据集中学习模型。具体而言，“增量”是指顺序构建的数据集，而“转移”是通过利用每个数据集上嵌入功能的线性组合的有用信息来实现的。此外，我们介绍了ITL框架，在该框架中，我们在其中训练网络，包括具有预先训练的权重和最多两个分段解码器头的站点不合时宜的编码器。我们还设计了一种新型的站点级增量损失，以便在目标域上良好地概括。其次，我们首次表明利用我们的ITL培训计划能够减轻富有灾难性的遗忘问题，从而在渐进学习中遇到了挑战。我们使用五个具有挑战性的基准数据集进行实验，以验证我们的增量转移学习方法的有效性。我们的方法对计算资源和特定于领域的专业知识的假设最少，因此构成了多站点医学图像细分的强大起点。

Transformers have made remarkable progress towards modeling long-range dependencies within the medical image analysis domain. However, current transformer-based models suffer from several disadvantages: (1) existing methods fail to capture the important features of the images due to the naive tokenization scheme; (2) the models suffer from information loss because they only consider single-scale feature representations; and (3) the segmentation label maps generated by the models are not accurate enough without considering rich semantic contexts and anatomical textures. In this work, we present CASTformer, a novel type of adversarial transformers, for 2D medical image segmentation. First, we take advantage of the pyramid structure to construct multi-scale representations and handle multi-scale variations. We then design a novel class-aware transformer module to better learn the discriminative regions of objects with semantic structures. Lastly, we utilize an adversarial training strategy that boosts segmentation accuracy and correspondingly allows a transformer-based discriminator to capture high-level semantically correlated contents and low-level anatomical features. Our experiments demonstrate that CASTformer dramatically outperforms previous state-of-the-art transformer-based approaches on three benchmarks, obtaining 2.54%-5.88% absolute improvements in Dice over previous models. Further qualitative experiments provide a more detailed picture of the model's inner workings, shed light on the challenges in improved transparency, and demonstrate that transfer learning can greatly improve performance and reduce the size of medical image datasets in training, making CASTformer a strong starting point for downstream medical image analysis tasks.

医学图像分析中的自动分割是一个具有挑战性的任务，需要大量手动标记的数据。然而，手动注释的医疗数据通常是费力的，并且大多数现有的基于学习的方法都无法准确地描绘对象边界而没有有效的几何约束。对比学习，自我监督学习的子区域最近被指出在多个应用领域的有希望的方向。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种具有几何约束的新型对比体Voxel-Wise表示蒸馏（CVRD）方法，用于学习具有有限注释的体积医学图像分割的全球局部视觉表示。我们的框架可以通过捕获3D空间上下文和丰富的解剖信息，有效地学习全球和局部特征。具体地，我们引入了一种体素到体积对比算法来学习来自3D图像的全局信息，并建议对局部体素到体素蒸馏进行，以明确地利用嵌入空间中的本地线索。此外，我们将基于弹性交互的主动轮廓模型集成为几何正则化术语，以实现以端到端的学习方式实现快速且可靠的对象划分。结果对心房分割挑战，数据集展示了我们所提出的方案的优势，尤其是在具有非常有限数量的注释数据的设置中。代码将在https://github.com/charlesyou999648/cvrd上获得。

The visual dimension of cities has been a fundamental subject in urban studies, since the pioneering work of scholars such as Sitte, Lynch, Arnheim, and Jacobs. Several decades later, big data and artificial intelligence (AI) are revolutionizing how people move, sense, and interact with cities. This paper reviews the literature on the appearance and function of cities to illustrate how visual information has been used to understand them. A conceptual framework, Urban Visual Intelligence, is introduced to systematically elaborate on how new image data sources and AI techniques are reshaping the way researchers perceive and measure cities, enabling the study of the physical environment and its interactions with socioeconomic environments at various scales. The paper argues that these new approaches enable researchers to revisit the classic urban theories and themes, and potentially help cities create environments that are more in line with human behaviors and aspirations in the digital age.

Anomaly detection on time series data is increasingly common across various industrial domains that monitor metrics in order to prevent potential accidents and economic losses. However, a scarcity of labeled data and ambiguous definitions of anomalies can complicate these efforts. Recent unsupervised machine learning methods have made remarkable progress in tackling this problem using either single-timestamp predictions or time series reconstructions. While traditionally considered separately, these methods are not mutually exclusive and can offer complementary perspectives on anomaly detection. This paper first highlights the successes and limitations of prediction-based and reconstruction-based methods with visualized time series signals and anomaly scores. We then propose AER (Auto-encoder with Regression), a joint model that combines a vanilla auto-encoder and an LSTM regressor to incorporate the successes and address the limitations of each method. Our model can produce bi-directional predictions while simultaneously reconstructing the original time series by optimizing a joint objective function. Furthermore, we propose several ways of combining the prediction and reconstruction errors through a series of ablation studies. Finally, we compare the performance of the AER architecture against two prediction-based methods and three reconstruction-based methods on 12 well-known univariate time series datasets from NASA, Yahoo, Numenta, and UCR. The results show that AER has the highest averaged F1 score across all datasets (a 23.5% improvement compared to ARIMA) while retaining a runtime similar to its vanilla auto-encoder and regressor components. Our model is available in Orion, an open-source benchmarking tool for time series anomaly detection.

Current language models are considered to have sub-human capabilities at natural language tasks like question-answering or writing code. However, language models are not trained to perform well at these tasks, they are trained to accurately predict the next token given previous tokes in tokenized text. It is not clear whether language models are better or worse than humans at next token prediction. To try to answer this question, we performed two distinct experiments to directly compare humans and language models on this front: one measuring top-1 accuracy and the other measuring perplexity. In both experiments, we find humans to be consistently \emph{worse} than even relatively small language models like GPT3-Ada at next-token prediction.

Many dialogue systems (DSs) lack characteristics humans have, such as emotion perception, factuality, and informativeness. Enhancing DSs with knowledge alleviates this problem, but, as many ways of doing so exist, keeping track of all proposed methods is difficult. Here, we present the first survey of knowledge-enhanced DSs. We define three categories of systems - internal, external, and hybrid - based on the knowledge they use. We survey the motivation for enhancing DSs with knowledge, used datasets, and methods for knowledge search, knowledge encoding, and knowledge incorporation. Finally, we propose how to improve existing systems based on theories from linguistics and cognitive science.

Recurrent neural networks are a widely used class of neural architectures. They have, however, two shortcomings. First, they are often treated as black-box models and as such it is difficult to understand what exactly they learn as well as how they arrive at a particular prediction. Second, they tend to work poorly on sequences requiring long-term memorization, despite having this capacity in principle. We aim to address both shortcomings with a class of recurrent networks that use a stochastic state transition mechanism between cell applications. This mechanism, which we term state-regularization, makes RNNs transition between a finite set of learnable states. We evaluate state-regularized RNNs on (1) regular languages for the purpose of automata extraction; (2) non-regular languages such as balanced parentheses and palindromes where external memory is required; and (3) real-word sequence learning tasks for sentiment analysis, visual object recognition and text categorisation. We show that state-regularization (a) simplifies the extraction of finite state automata that display an RNN's state transition dynamic; (b) forces RNNs to operate more like automata with external memory and less like finite state machines, which potentiality leads to a more structural memory; (c) leads to better interpretability and explainability of RNNs by leveraging the probabilistic finite state transition mechanism over time steps.